Which of the following is NOT a positive force contributing to identity, according to Erikson?

In Erikson's framework of psychosocial development, identity formation is influenced by several positive forces that contribute to a strong sense of self. Hope, competence, and wisdom are all considered positive attributes that help individuals navigate the various stages of life and foster a healthy identity.

Hope represents an optimistic outlook and the ability to envision a positive future, thus encouraging individuals to pursue their goals. Competence reflects the skills and abilities that individuals develop, which boost their self-esteem and reinforce their identity as capable members of society. Wisdom, often associated with the later stages of life, embodies the knowledge and understanding gained through experience, further strengthening one's sense of self and guiding relationships with others.

In contrast, regret is seen as a negative emotion that can hinder identity development. It often involves feelings of disappointment regarding past decisions or missed opportunities. Rather than contributing positively to one's identity, regret can lead to a sense of inadequacy and confusion, impeding the journey toward a coherent and robust sense of self. Therefore, identifying regret as a negative force aligns with Erikson's perspective on healthy identity development.