What can result from overindulgence in the oral stage?

Overindulgence in the oral stage, according to Freudian theory of psychosexual development, can lead to what is termed an oral incorporative personality. This personality type characteristically displays traits such as dependence, passivity, and a greater likelihood of developing habits like overeating or smoking. During this stage, which occurs from birth to about 18 months, an infant's primary source of interaction with the world is through the mouth, leading to fixation if needs are not adequately met.

This fixation can manifest in adulthood as individuals engage in excessive behaviors related to oral stimulation, indicative of their attempts to soothe or fulfill unmet desires from early development. This understanding provides insight into how personality can be shaped by early experiences and inherent drives, reinforcing the importance of this developmental stage in psychology.

In contrast, the other options refer to different stages or types of fixation. For example, anal-retentive personality arises from issues during the anal stage, while phallic fixation pertains to the phallic stage of development. Oral aggressive personality, although possibly an argument within the framework of oral fixations, does not specifically arise from overindulgence but rather from frustration or deprivation during that stage.